Mathematical models are extremely limited at modeling ballast, the gravel layer located under railway tracks. Researchers have shown that a large part of the energy introduced by a train passing is ...

The evolution of particle breakdown in railway ballast – the crushed rock under railway tracks to absorb the weight of trains – has been modelled. Sun YiFei from the University of Wollongong led a ...

Railway track engineering is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the design, construction, and maintenance of rail infrastructure. A critical component of this endeavour is the ballast, which ...

Railways allocate a significant amount of capital and maintenance costs to maintaining high-quality ballast layers, which are critical to a successful rail operation. With ballooning rail traffic ...

SNCF engineers have been using mathematical models for many years to simulate the dynamic behavior of railways. These models have not been able to take into account large portions of the track have ...